So while the jaguar is the most common battle-beast associated with Mayan war palanquins, we see that the warlike god Xolotl is associated with the jaguar, the tapir, the dog (which we find in religious symbolism on wheels), and the devouring of the sun (which is also associated with wheels). Scientists say that the modern-day horse did not exist in the Americas during Book of Mormon times. Scientists say that the modern-day horse did not exist in the Americas during Book of Mormon times. Science and the Book of Mormon: Cureloms, Cumoms, Horses & More eBook: Wade E. Miller: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store Book of Mormon horses do not function anything like nineteenth-century farm or field horses, nor are they utilized by either the … Scientists typically argue that these animals died off due to climate changes and possible over-hunting. Turning to the Bible we find that the term “chariot” does not always reflect what we would envision. They were noted as being among the most useful animals. Some people believe that references to horses are out of place since it is widely believed that they were extinct long before Book of Mormon times. Likewise, in southwest Yucatan, a non-Mormon archaeologist found what may likely be pre-Columbian horse remains in three caves. According to the most scientists, the mention of “horses” in the Americas during Book of Mormon times presents an anachronism–something that doesn’t fit the time frame for which it is claimed. The Book of Mormon, however, never says horses were ridden (a curious thing if Joseph was the author of the Book of Mormon) or that they pulled chariots. The Book of Mormon talks about horses. Image via Book of Mormon Central, featuring "Horses Running" by TNS Sofres on Flikr, “And it came to pass that the people of Nephi did till the land, and raise all manner of grain, and of fruit, and flocks of herds … and also many horses.”. As we investigate the Book of Mormon text, we discover that, indeed, reformed Egyptian appears to have had a very limited vocabulary. Why, then, would the Nephites use the term “horse” for “deer”? Ashley Montague, a non-LDS scholar who taught at Harvard, suggested that the horse never became extinct in America. 29 Robert R. Bennett, “Horses in the Book of Mormon,” at http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=transcripts&id=129 (accessed 30 January 2008). There are five incidences where horses are mentioned in the Book of Mormon, and are portrayed as being in the forest upon first arrival of the Nephites, "raise(d)," "fed," "prepared" (in conjunction with chariots), used for food, and being "useful unto man". In other parts of the world, however, horses continued to thrive and eventually evolved into modern-day horses. In his Letter to a CES Director, Jeremy Runnells asks why horses are mentioned in the Book of Mormon when, supposedly, no horses existed in pre-Columbian America. Somebody’s screwing around with my archaeology.” So we would never date it. Rather, they were known only to some peoples before the time of Christ in a few limited regions of the New World. Post by JustHangingOn@57 » Fri Apr 27, … As noted above, tapirs were frequently eaten in ancient America. Why horses are mentioned in the Book of Mormon is unstated. We would expect them to be mentioned more times in the war chapters, not less times. In the Book of Mormon, for example, we find a single word for a moving body of water–a “river.” In the D&C, however, Joseph Smith uses “river,” “stream,” “rill,” and “brook.” Critics frequently claim that Joseph copied the language of the Bible when translating the Book of Mormon. In the ancient Near East early horses were too small to ride and so they were sometimes used to pull things such as chariots. We know, for instance, that the American Indian travois (a kind of sled) was pulled, not only by horses, but also by dogs. These dates range all the way from the journey of the Jaredites (pre-Abraham), up until the time just prior to the appearance of Christ in the Americas … Without … At least a few non-Mormon scholars believe that real horses (of a stature smaller than modern horses) may have survived New World extinction. How Was the Joseph Knight Family Important to Bringing Forth the Book of Mormon? 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslatability (accessed 29 January 2008). HORSES: Notice the horse in the LDS depiction of the Stripling Warriors from the Book of Mormon. The interconnectivity with the battle beasts and palanquins suggest possible (albeit tentative) connections between the Book of Mormon’s statements of preparing horses and chariots. Why Was Martin Harris Needed to Pay for the Printing of the Book of Mormon? Book of Mormon chariots, like horses, are never mentioned in a combat narrative. Solomon Spalding wrote a novel that some critics claim was the original source for the Book of Mormon. The American “buffalo,” for example, is actually a bison and is only distantly related to the water buffalo and African buffalo (the two true buffalos).14 What most Americans call a “moose” is actually an elk, “elk” are actually red deer, and “antelope” are not real antelopes.15, Loan-shifting has occurred throughout history. Normally, our first inclination would be to agree that the term “chariot” suggests wheels. Why are the supernatural beings riding on the backs of deer, saddles and all? Relevant to the issue of horses in the Book of Mormon is the linguistic confusion that the horse caused when the Spanish first arrived. When the Spaniards encountered the coatamundi they described the animal as active, as large as a small dog, but with a snout like a pig. Another possibility is that King Lamoni’s horses were symbolic battle beasts. And if so, why does there seem to be no archaeological support? 3 Bill Hamblin, posted 19 May and 2006 at http://www.mormonapologetics.org/index.php?showtopic=15403&view=findpost&p=435084 and http://www.mormonapologetics.org/index.php?showtopic=15403&view=findpost&p=435635 (accessed 20 May 2006). "Critics of the Book of Mormon have long cited anachronisms in its narrative to argue that it is not the work of God. And it came to pass that we did find … 9. http://www.the-book-of-mormon.com/wheel6.jpg, 10. http://www.precolumbianwheels.com/images/index.24.gif, 11. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17582/17582-h/images/gs217.jpg, 12. http://www.poster.net/yi-ren/yi-ren-deer-pulling-a-chariot-1889- 1063024.jpg, 13. http://afhra.maxwell.af.mil/korean_war/kwd_images/58fbw.jpg, 14. https://eee.uci.edu/clients/tcthorne/wintercount/images_wintercount/ brule253dogtravois.jpg, 15. http://www.civilization.ca/ aborig/rodeo/images/161_b.jpg. There is no evidence that horses existed on the American continent during the timeframe of the Book of Mormon. The Greek goddess Artemis supposedly rode a chariot pulled by deer.45. Book of Mormon horses have long been somewhat enigmatic and a challenge not always overcome by members of the Church. I was hoping to be at the Fair conference this week but work had other plans. One common Spanish name for this animal was tejon, but tejon is also the Spanish name for the badger as well as the raccoon. In Alma, for instance, we read that Ammon was “preparing” King Lamoni’s “horses and chariots” to conduct him to the land of Nephi (Alma 18:9-12). Mayan kings brought battle beasts along while traveling on palanquins. Kuchinsky, however, believes that horses (smaller than our modern horses) were reintroduced into the west coast of the Americas about 2000 years ago from Asians who came by ship. Re: Horses in America Some apologists have used evidence of humans and horses coexisting to infer Nephite charioteers. Additional Book of Mormon Study Resources, Animals in the Book of Mormon: Challenges and Perspectives, ‘Hard’ Evidence of Ancient American Horses, Israelite Inscriptions from the Time of Jeremiah and Lehi, Hard’ Evidence of Ancient American Horses, A Recent Experience with a Greek Manuscript, Tzimins are not Really Tzimins (They’re Horses), Hindsight on a Book of Mormon Historicity Critique, https://soundcloud.com/bookofmormoncentral/knowhy75. We are a volunteer organization. Kind of a cop out, if you ask me, especially since the mantra among Maya scholars (and religionists in general) is that men create gods in their own image and the divine realm is a reflection of the human realm. How they were used, when, and by whom, is left unsaid. Throughout history, when immigrants and travelers have encountered new, unfamiliar species, they have often applied labels from their own language which originally referred to different animals.7 In many cases, the borrowed term has become the common name. As Enos describes Nephite life in his day (fifth century BC), he says that they raised “many horses” (Enos 1:21). Once again we could ask how the Book of Mormon can be rejected for suggesting the Nephites had done the exact thing we find in the history of Yucatec-speaking Mayans. 27 http://en.fairmormon.org/Book_of_Mormon_anachronisms:Animals (accessed 30 January 2008). Maize based agriculture produces 4 times as much food as did the wheat and oat agriculture of Europe. Later, when Ammon wanted to free his brethren from a neighboring city’s prison, King Lamoni volunteered to go with Ammon and asked that his servants “make ready his horses and chariots” (Alma 20:6). A modern government report indicates that, The tapir is docile toward man and hence management of the animal is relatively easy. In contrast, the Bible mentions the poplar, pine, pomegranate, palm, almond, fig, gopher, chestnut, and olive.9 Of the animals listed in the New World portions of the Book of Mormon, thirteen are physical creatures, whereas the remaining animals are figurative and may have been borrowed from Joseph’s vernacular to express common ideas. An early pre-Spanish incense burner discovered in Guatemala shows a man riding on the back of a deer, and a stone monument dating to 700 A.D. shows a woman riding a deer. Mayan war palanquin on right with giant jaguar standing up in back. 7 http://www.sacrednamebible.com/kjvstrongs/STRHEB65.htm#S6571. Donate to us by shopping at Amazon at no extra cost to you. Justin Kerr, #196, on MayaVase.com at http://research.famsi.org/kerrmaya_list.php?_allSearch=peccary&hold_search=&vase_number=&date_added=&ms_number=&site=&x=0&y=0 (accessed 4 April 2008 and reproduced with permission). Early Hindus had chariots pulled by deer. It is hard to determine exactly what kind of role they played in the daily life of Book of Mormon peoples except to say that they were “useful.”, In 3 Nephi 4:4, horses are mentioned as being among the provisions “reserved for themselves … that they might subsist for the space of seven years.” The word "subsist" may imply that horses in that desperate time were used for food. Excavations in a cave in the Mayan lowlands in 1978 also turned up horse remains.56, Why haven’t pre-Columbian horse remains received greater attention from other scientists? The terms elk and robin were also applied to American animals by Europeans, even though they are used in reference to totally different species in the Old World. Though wheeled vehicles are still unattested throughout pre-Columbian America, archaeology currently shows that some Mesoamerican peoples did understand the … In fact, in many cultures and on various topographies, horses are not useful, being hard to tame and costly to maintain. 14. 47http://books.google.com/books?id=r4zYyu6e7eMC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=seler+aztec+mayan&source=web&ots=f8dR1YTqyK&sig=11jbVAgIZFAOMQ3W_4hLR_60K1s). But I … For instance, one recently discovered wheeled figure from the Americas is that of a man astride a platform with wheels. 2 Nephi 12:7; “Their … While “deer” are never mentioned in the Book of Mormon–not even in the Old World setting where the Lehites frequently hunted during their travels through the Arabian Peninsula–it seems reasonable to assume that the Lehites were familiar with Old World deer before coming to the New World.
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