This restriction may be waived by the Department upon the recommendation of the school district for persons between 16 and 18 years of age who meet the higher education or GED requirements for the secondary school diploma. A. The standards will help students understand decision-making processes, the art of compromise and problem solving skills. As Figure 5-1 shows, there were quite a few comparative studies of Everyday Mathematics (EM), Connected Mathematics Project (CMP), Contemporary Mathematics in Context (Core-Plus Mathematics Project [CPMP]), Interactive Mathematics Program (IMP), UCSMP, and Saxon. Legal claims by citizens to participate in government and be treated fairly. A principle of exercise that states that specific kinds of exercises must be done to develop specific aspects of the body and specific aspects of fitness. Identify and use the elements of scientific inquiry to solve problems. At the same time, when rigor is increased for the five filters just listed, the results become generally more ambiguous and signal the need for further research with more careful designs. (c)  The physical education program shall provide coeducational instruction, except that separation by sex may be permitted in courses involving contact sports. As noted in the National Research Council (NRC) report (1992, p. 21): If one carries out the assignment of treatments at the level of schools, then that is the level that can be justified for causal analysis. D. Analyze and interpret works in the arts and humanities from different societies using culturally specific vocabulary of critical response. As it is often difficult to check such assumptions, it is advisable, when time and resources permit, to use several different methods of analysis to determine whether a replicable pattern of results is obtained. F. Analyze how competition among producers and consumers affects price, costs, product quality, service, product design and variety and advertising. B. FIGURE 5-12 Major content strand result: All NSF (n=27). (e)  Planned instruction aligned with academic standards in the following areas shall be provided to every student every year in the primary program. Analyze the historical significance of integrated pest management on society. Most common food contaminants causing foodborne illnesses. J. Analyze how the law promotes the common good and protects individual rights. Abilities and Aptitudes B. F. Define price and identify the prices of different items. Determine the effects of integrated pest management practices on society over time. For example, in the Sconiers et al. The skills and arts of a given people in a given period of time or a civilization. The funds necessary to operate a business, not including the cost of goods sold. (2)  A school district within the attendance area may elect to participate in the establishment of the AVTS. Identify how human actions affect environmental health. The unit of analysis, for most curriculum evaluators, needs to be at least the classroom, if not the school or even the district. Second, effect size has become a relatively common and standard way of gauging the practical significance of the findings. A. Analyze and evaluate the structure, organization and operation of the local, state and national governments including domestic and national policy-making. The table shows the mean scores for UCSMP classes and comparison classes. We coded whether the study was conducted at a pilot site to signal potential limitations in generalizability of the findings. Their design of outcome measures permitted them to examine differences in performance with and without context and to conclude with statements such as “This result illustrates that CPMP students perform better than control students when setting up models and solving algebraic problems presented in meaningful contexts while having access to calculators, but CPMP students do not perform as well on formal symbol-manipulation tasks without access to context cues or calculators” (p. 349). In the External Assessment System, items from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and Third International Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS) were balanced across four strands (number, geometry, algebra, probability and statistics), and 20 items of moderate difficulty, called anchor items, were repeated on each grade-specific assessment (p. 8). B. Analyze how unlimited wants and limited resources affect decision-making. Describe works in the arts comparing similar and contrasting characteristics (e.g., staccato in Grieg’s. The Collins study lacked a comparison group and is coded as EX. The traditional scale focused on explanations to whole classes, the use of worksheets, practice, and short-answer assessments. Know basic energy types, sources and conversions. Specialized areas in schools equipped with resources and materials used to research postsecondary and occupational opportunities. Portions of Physical Characteristics of Places and Regions relate directly to Science and Technology and Environment and Ecology standards. E. Explain how specialization and trade lead to interdependence. It is essential to know what the treatment was, whether it occurred, and if so, to what degree of intensity, fidelity, duration, and quality. NOCTI—National Occupational Competency Testing Institute. The provisions of this §  4.4 amended under sections 121, 2603-B and 2604-B of the Public School Code of 1949 (24 P. S. § §  1-121, 26-2603-B and 26-2604-B). This section cited in 22 Pa. Code §  4.21 (relating to elementary education: primary and intermediate levels); and 22 Pa. Code §  4.24 (relating to high school graduation requirements). Study of dance, theatre, music, visual arts, language and literature including forms of expression, historical and cultural context, critical and aesthetic judgment and production, performance or exhibition of work. A. These differences were not significant. Table 5-13 reports the most common subgroups used in the analyses and the number of studies that reported on that variable. C. Explain the fundamentals of historical interpretation. E. Explain the basic principles and ideals within documents of United States government. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (367435) to (367436), (286565) to (286652) and (294913). B. H. Choose personal electives and extra curricular activities based upon personal career interests, abilities and academic strengths. The decision making process endorsed by the Family, Career and Community Leaders of America, involving five steps: Family, Career and: Community Leaders Of America: Vocational student organization sponsored by Family and Consumer Sciences’ classrooms. In Table 5-3, we document the number of studies using a variety of types of outcome measures that we used to code the data, and also report on the types of tests used across the studies. We refer to these as “within” comparisons. Every school district shall provide planned instruction in at least two languages in addition to English, at least one of which shall be a modern language, and at least one of which shall be offered in a minimum 4-year sequence in the secondary program (middle level and high school). A list of alternative hypotheses on effectiveness. Science builds principles or theories while technology is the practical application of those principles or theories. For studies with a single outcome measure, without disaggregation by content strand, the triplet is always composed of two zeros and a single one. (iv)   The director of a State institution on behalf of residents, patients or inmates. When these tests were of good quality and were representative of a genuine sample of a relevant population, such as NAEP reports or TIMSS results, the reports often provided one a reasonable indicator of the effects of the program if combined with a careful description of the sample. B. Synthesize and evaluate historical sources. The process of organizing, managing and assuming the risks of a business or enterprise. Food-related dysfunction in which a person changes eating habits in a way that is harmful to the mind or body (e.g., bulimia, anorexia nervosa). To examine the evaluations of these content strands, we began by listing all of the content strands reported across studies as well as the frequency of report by the number of studies at each grade band. The site of a place or region in relation to other places or regions (e.g., northwest, downstream). Most results are presented with the eight identified pairs and an accumulated set of means. Dance, music, theatre and visual arts pieces created by performing or visual artists. (8)  Health, safety and physical education. In addition, we took an interdisciplinary approach to the task, noting that various committee members brought different expertise and priorities to the consideration of what constitutes the most essential qualities of rigorous and valid experimental or quasi-experimental design in evaluation. B. Analyze health benefits and risks associated with integrated pest management. These standards describe what students in the social studies classroom should know and be able to do with the English language in writing, grade 6 through 12. A. Apply and analyze energy sources and conversions and their relationship to heat and temperature. Technology education involves a broad spectrum of knowledge and activities. Planned instruction—Instruction offered by a school entity based upon a written plan to enable students to achieve the academic standards under §  4.12 (relating to academic standards) and any additional academic standards as determined by the school entity. Explain sources and uses of earth resources. Develop an understanding of historical sources. A variety of pest control methods that include repairs, traps, bait, poison, etc. B. Analyze and interpret historical sources. E. Explain the importance of the political process to competent and responsible participation in civic life. more, more sophisticated accounts would begin to permit, across studies, finer distinctions to emerge, such as the effect of a program on young African-American women or on first generation Asian students. Right of every citizen to be protected against arbitrary action by government. • Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words. (1998) evaluation study of Connected Math, the authors were interested in students’ proportional reasoning proficiency as a result of use of this curriculum. On the other hand, many large-scale assessments depend on methods of test equating that rely on whole test scores and make comparative interpretations of different test administrations by content strands of questionable reliability. H. Identify how to resolve conflict using interpersonal communications skills. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. Pennsylvania Core Standards—Academic standards for English language arts and mathematics based upon a Nationwide, state-led process coordinated by the National Governors Association and the Council of Chief State School Officers and in collaboration with teachers, content experts and other education stakeholders. Bias is not an “either-or” proposition, but it is a quantity of varying degrees. Refusal to obey laws. Using this content, students will learn to think, reason and communicate mathematically. Although such studies may have provided more indepth observations of implementation and reports on professional development factors, the smaller numbers of classrooms and students in the study would limit the extent of generalization that could be drawn from it. Describe alternative methods of allocating goods and services and advantages and disadvantages of each. Literacy skills, including phonemic awareness, phonological awareness, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension and developmental writing will begin in prekindergarten and kindergarten, if offered, and developed appropriately for the primary grade level. We have concluded that the process of conducting such evaluations is in its adolescence and could benefit from careful synthesis and advice in order to increase its rigor, feasibility, and credibility. A group of people who share a common social, historical, regional or cultural heritage. The problem was clearly identified: poorer performance by certain subgroups of students (minorities—non-Asian, LEP students, sometimes females) and a resulting lack of representation of such groups in mathematics-reliant fields. I. F. Recognize and describe game strategies using appropriate vocabulary. In the context of declines in advanced study in mathematics by American students (Hawkins, 2003), evaluation of curricular impact on students’ interest, beliefs, persistence, and success are needed. Demonstration of Dance, Music, Theatre and Visual Arts, D. Styles in Production, Performance and Exhibition, F. Historical and Cultural Production, Performance and Exhibition, G. Function and Analysis of Rehearsals and Practice Sessions, I. (2)  A process for the review of instructional materials. That part of the population which is employed or actively seeking employment. A strategy developed to reduce or control the chance of harm or loss to one’s health or life; the process of identifying, evaluating, selecting and implementing actions to reduce risk to human health and to ecosystems. Explain and describe characteristics of a wetland. (2)  Mathematics, including problem-solving and computation skills. An element of the physical environment that people value and use to meet a need for fuel, food, industrial product or something else of value. Students are taught to take responsibility for the consequences of their actions. (h)  The Board will authorize the expansion of the State assessment system through a revision of this chapter. Furthermore, on the basis of equity considerations, one must be sure that if overall effectiveness is claimed, that the studies have been conducted and analyzed with reference of all relevant subgroups. A. (a)  The State assessment system shall be designed to serve the following purposes: (1)  Provide students, parents, educators and citizens with an understanding of student and school performance consistent with the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Pub. C. Explain the role of the food guide pyramid in helping people eat a healthy diet. E. Demonstrate the ability to define objects, express emotions, illustrate an action or relate an experience through creation of works in the arts. The provisions of this §  4.24 amended October 25, 2002, effective October 26, 2002, 32 Pa.B. C. Explain why governments sometimes restrict or subsidize trade. G. Evaluate what makes a competent and responsible citizen. The centers also provide opportunities for transition to postsecondary education and continuing education. (3)  Three assessments aligned with select History and Civics and Government standards, contained in Appendix C, that assess content traditionally included in high school level American History, World History and Civics and Government courses. They used a pretest to determine this, and because the pretest consisted of two parts, they adjusted their significance level using the Bonferroni method.2 Pairs were discarded if the differences in means and variance were significant for all students or for those students completing all measures, or if class sizes became too variable. For this reason, we report the study results in terms of the “frequency of reports on a particular subgroup” and distinguish this from what we refer to as “study counts.” The advantage of this approach is that it permits reporting on studies that investigated multiple ways to disaggregate their data. To support the intent of the Public School Code and Chapter 4, this document creates four standard categories. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration—A National agency with representatives in each state who monitor health and safety issues in the workplace. Chief school administrator—The superintendent of a school district, the superintendent of an AVTS or the chief executive officer of a charter school. Identify the importance of routines and schedules while differentiating between short and long term goals. Pennsylvania’s economic future depends on having a well-educated and skilled workforce. Was the generalizability of their findings limited by use of pilot sites for their study? Clearly, the studies that used a more precise method of selection were more likely to produce results on which one’s confidence in the conclusions is greater. Identify the risks and rewards of entrepreneurship. (6)  Assess student proficiency in the Academic Standards for English Language Arts (Appendix A-2), Mathematics (Appendix A-2), Science and Technology and Environment and Ecology (Appendix B) and Civics and Government (Appendix C) for the purpose of determining, in part, a student’s eligibility for high school graduation. A. In this school, the top 25 percent of the students are counseled to take a more traditional algebra course, so her experimental sample, which was 61 percent white, 35 percent African American, 3 percent Asian, and 1 percent Hispanic, consisted of the lower 75 percent of the students. The provisions of this §  4.3 amended December 15, 2006, effective December 16, 2006, 36 Pa.B. Some studies used a variety of achievement measures and other studies reported on achievement accompanied by measures such as subsequent course taking or various types of affective measures. Explain how scarcity influences choices and behaviors. Technique used to supply air to an individual who is not breathing. G. Explain the differences among stocks, bonds and mutual funds. In the Advanced Algebra evaluation, only a UCSMP-constructed test was viewed as appropriate to cover the treatment of the prior material and alignment to the goals of the new course. The flow of (waste) materials from generation, collection and separation to disposal. Figure 5-2 shows the different grade levels of the studies. The spheres of voluntary individual, social and economic relationships and organizations that although limited by law are not part of governmental institutions. For the studies of commercial materials, there were only three studies that were restricted to limited populations. We present the results of the studies as a means to further investigate their methodological implications. Note: The Aligned Eligible Content is displayed with the standard statement. Consists of components of physical fitness that have a relationship with enhanced performance in sports and motor skills. Evaluate computer operations and concepts as to their effectiveness to solve specific problems. (l)  The Department will seek to have the Keystone Exams approved as the high school level single accountability system under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The provisions of this §  4.13 amended December 15, 2006, effective December 16, 2006, 36 Pa.B. Does the dearth of pure experimentation render the results of the studies reviewed worthless? Identify and safely use a variety of tools, basic machines, materials and techniques to solve problems and answer questions. In one case using the same program, the lower quartiles showed the most improvement, and in the other, the gains were in the middle and upper groups for the Iowa Test of Basic Skills and evenly distributed for the informal assessment. These fractions are commonly expressed as decimals. E. Identify practices that develop the child’s imagination, creativity and reading and writing skills through literature. A glossary is included to assist the reader in clarifying terminology contained in the standards. This tactic is usually passive and nonviolent, aimed at bringing injustices to the attention of lawmakers and the public at large. (g)  School districts and AVTSs administering vocational-technical education programs shall develop written policies regarding admissions. Identify and describe primary documents, material artifacts and historic sites important in United States history. Put another way, the treatment effect is a parameter that the study is set up to estimate. Nevertheless, there are studies that provide compelling data concerning the effectiveness of the program in a particular context. The provisions of this §  4.51a issued under sections 121, 2603-B and 2604-B of the Public School Code of 1949 (24 P. S. § §  1-121, 26-2603-B and 26-2604-B). F. Evaluate the application of nutrition and meal planning principles in the selection, planning, preparation and serving of meals that meet the specific nutritional needs of individuals across their lifespan. Identify and explain important documents, material artifacts and historic sites in world history. Private legal privileges and decisions that individuals are free to participate in without intervention from government. 240; amended February 28, 2014, effective March 1, 2014, 44 Pa.B. But, to be generalizable beyond restricted communities, representativeness must be obtained by the random selection of the basic units. A. What kind of obligations are relevant when we wish to assess whether a belief, rather than an action, is justified or unjustified?Whereas when we evaluate an action, we are interested in assessing the action from either a moral or a prudential point of view, when it comes to beliefs, what matters may be something else, [] e.g., the pursuit of truth, or of understanding, or of knowledge. The science of measuring time and of dating events. We identify the high school as the crucible for curricular change for three reasons: (1) the transition to postsecondary education puts considerable pressure on these curricula; (2) the criteria outlined in the NSF RFP specify significant changes from traditional practice; and (3) high school freshmen arrive from a myriad of middle school curricular experiences. FIGURE 5-7 Achievement (percentage correct) on Second International Mathematics Study (SIMS) items by U.S. precalculus students and functions, statistics, and trigonometry (FST) students. (d)  A student below grade 12 who has not demonstrated proficiency on a Keystone Exam or Keystone Exam module after at least two attempts on the exam or module may qualify to participate in one or more project-based assessments if the student has met the following conditions: (3)  Has participated in a satisfactory manner in supplemental instructional services consistent with the student’s educational program provided by the school district, AVTS or charter school, including a cyber charter school, as provided under § §  4.24(k) and 4.51b(f). Habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in the case of rebellion or invasion. D. Based on efficiency, aesthetics and psychology, evaluate space plans (e.g., home, office, work areas) for their ability to meet a variety of needs including those of individuals with special needs. Doctrine that permits the federal courts to declare unconstitutional, and thus null and void, acts of the Congress, the executive branch and the states. Explain how species of living organisms adapt to their environment. A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates to the rate at which one can perform work. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (332273) to (332274) and (346981). Performance-level characteristics such as performance on prior tests, pretest performance, percentage passing standardized tests, or related measures (e.g., problem solving, reading). C. Identify and describe how continuity and change have influenced Pennsylvania history. D. Alcohol, Tobacco and Chemical Substances, E. Health Problems and Disease Prevention, A. To effect successful transition between requirements outlined in subsections (b) and (c) regarding requirements through the 2015-2016 school year and requirements beginning in the 2016-2017 school year, subsection (d) regarding requirements beginning in the 2018-2019 school year and subsection (e) regarding requirements beginning in the 2019-2020 school year, a student who will graduate in the 2016-2017 school year or thereafter, who successfully completes courses with academic content assessed under subsection (c), (d) or (e), regarding requirements beginning in the 2016-2017 school year, 2018-2019 school year and 2019-2020 school year for which both the Keystone Exams and local validated assessments were not available at the time the course was completed, shall be deemed proficient for purposes of this section. (b)  An administrative committee, composed of chief school administrators representing participating school districts, shall be included in the organization of each AVTS. Explore the use of basic tools, simple materials and techniques to safely solve problems. These should include indications of limitations in populations sampled, sample size, unique population inclusions or exclusions, and levels of use or attrition. Explain the importance of working cooperatively with others at both home and school to complete a task. C. Identify sources of conflict and disagreement and different ways conflicts can be resolved. Opportunities that a member is entitled to have, or to receive from others within the limits of the law, even though he/she may not be part of the controlling group. Error bars denote the 99 percent confidence interval for each data point. Define specialization and the concept of division of labor. The results for those three studies were (.23, .41, .32) and for all students (n=14) were (.42, .53, .09). A structured method of instruction whereby students alternate or coordinate their high school studies with a job in a field related to their academic or career objectives. Finally, it is imperative that evaluation studies systematically include demographically representative student populations and distinguish evaluations that follow the commercial patterns of use from those that seek to establish effectiveness with a diverse student population. The, TABLE 5-13 Most Common Subgroups Used in the Analyses and the Number of Studies That Reported on That Variable, Number of Studies of Commercially Generated. Discussion and evaluation with consideration of factors surrounding the origin and heritage to works in the arts and humanities. Unit Fraction—A rational number written as a fraction where the numerator is one and the denominator is a positive integer (example: 1/20). F. Analyze works of arts influenced by experiences or historical and cultural events through production, performance or exhibition.
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